Did you know that the prevalence of Down syndrome increases as the mother’s age increases? This means that older mothers are more likely to have a baby affected by Down syndrome than younger mothers.
What is Down syndrome?
This is a genetic condition that occurs due to the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the body system. Normally, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes giving them a total of 46 but individuals with Down syndrome have an extra copy giving them a total of 47 chromosomes. Because of this extra chromosome in the body, it means there is extra genetic material in the body which affects the way a person develops both physically and cognitively.
Causes of Down syndrome
Of importance to note is that contrary to popular beliefs, Down syndrome is not caused by anything a parent did or did not do during pregnancy and neither is it related to race ethnicity or social economic status.
According to scientists, the condition is related to a random error in cell division that occurs during the formation of the egg or sperm cell.
Symptoms of Down syndrome
- Small stature
- Upwardly slanting eyes: Almond-shaped eyes with upward slanting eyelids and small skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes, known as epicanthal folds.
- A larger than average tongue, which can contribute to speech difficulties and drooling.
- Flattened bridge of the nose
- Short neck
Developmental characteristics of individuals with Down Syndrome include
Individuals with Down syndrome have unique development and parents need to be aware of these characteristics early enough. They include:
- Delayed Speech and Language Development: Children with Down Syndrome may have difficulty with speech and language development, and may require speech therapy to improve their communication skills.
- Delayed Motor Development: Individuals with Down Syndrome may have delayed motor development, including crawling, walking, and other gross motor skills.
- Social and Emotional Development: Individuals with Down Syndrome may have social and emotional development that is delayed or different than their peers, and may benefit from social skills training and support.
- Learning Difficulties: Individuals with Down Syndrome may have difficulties with learning and memory, and may require specialized education and support to help them succeed in school.
How do healthcare providers diagnose Down syndrome during pregnancy?
According to Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) health care providers can check for Down syndrome during pregnancy or after a child is born. There are two types of tests for Down syndrome during pregnancy:
- A prenatal screening test. This test can show an increased likelihood that a fetus has Down syndrome, but it cannot determine whether Down syndrome is definitely present. If a screening test shows an increased likelihood, a diagnostic test can be ordered.
- A prenatal diagnostic test. This test can determine with certainty that Down syndrome is present. Diagnostic tests carry a slightly greater risk to the fetus than screening tests.
Health conditions associated with Down syndrome
Individuals with Down Syndrome are likely to have certain health conditions which can range from mild to severe and may require continuous medical care. This is according to Everyday Health which notes that not every person with Down syndrome will experience these health issues. However, people with Down syndrome need to know that they are inclined to develop them and therefore recommended that they do regular check-ups. Some of the common health issues associated with Down Syndrome include:
- Congenital Heart Defects: Nearly half of all individuals with Down Syndrome are born with a heart defect.
- Respiratory Issues: Individuals with Down Syndrome are at a higher risk for respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, and may have difficulty breathing due to narrow airways or weak muscles.
- Vision and Hearing Problems: Many individuals with Down Syndrome experience vision and hearing problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, cataracts, and hearing loss.
- Thyroid Disorders: Individuals with Down Syndrome are at a higher risk for thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, which can affect growth and development.
- Gastrointestinal Issues: Individuals with Down Syndrome may experience gastrointestinal problems, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), constipation, or celiac disease.
- Sleep Apnea: Many individuals with Down Syndrome have sleep apnea, a condition where breathing stops briefly during sleep.
- Obesity: Individuals with Down Syndrome may have a slower metabolism and be more prone to obesity.
- Dental Issues: Individuals with Down Syndrome may be at a higher risk for dental problems, such as gum disease, tooth decay, and missing or extra teeth.
- Leukemia: Individuals with Down Syndrome are at a higher risk for developing leukemia, a type of blood cancer.
In conclusion, Down syndrome is a global condition and does not define them. While it has its challenges, it is good to recognize that individuals with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling lives and make valuable contributions to society. It is essential to celebrate the strengths, abilities, and accomplishments of individuals with Down syndrome, while also advocating for their rights and ensuring they have access to quality healthcare, education, and employment opportunities
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